However, many of today’s political disputes also existed in the past. AI can compare historical and current contexts and offer constructive proposals. Beyond negotiation content, outcomes are influenced by style. If the style is wrong (too assertive or too timid), the outcome may be negative even if the idea itself is good. Based on available dat

The shock and drama of Brexit provides a useful model of how Europeans might understand Trump’s return and the revolutionary project he is leading. This paper has shown that they harbour relatively few illusions about the US president (at least, as seen by his opponents). Few Europeans believe he is good for America, their own countries or global

Particularly in the immediate post-cold war years, Europeans were reluctant to invest in their military capabilities and content to rely on American protection and economic interdependence. As the US commentator Robert Kagan wrote in 2002, “Europe’s rejection of power politics, its devaluing of military force as a tool of international relation

Multiple political events in recent months, including Chancellor Friedrich Merz’s much-discussed comments about the need to achieve Europe’s independence from the US, suggest that Trump’s re-election is currently one of the main drivers of that shift. It would make sense that the emergence of an appealing, rival political model across the Atl

it is all falling away. The new reality is a crisis of the alliance itself, the growing threat of a global trade war and the looming prospect of American troop withdrawal from Europe. And, as ECFR’s polling shows, this in turn is transforming Europe’s political and geopolitical identity. First, the nature of its political parties is changing. E